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Tazaki, Makiko; Kimura, Takashi; Shimizu, Ryo; Nakatani, Takayoshi; Suda, Kazunori
JAEA-Review 2023-042, 121 Pages, 2024/03
JAEA-Review-2023-042.pdf:3.01MB
As part of the "Research on Factor Analysis and Technical Processes for Achieving Denuclearization", we investigated denuclearization cases in three former Soviet Union countries, namely Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine, and analyzed the cases by eight denuclearization factors. We then considered the characteristics and lessons learned from such denuclearization. The denuclearization processes of the three countries differed from country to country, and Ukraine's denuclearization process in particular went through many twists and turns. However, the common factor was that all nuclear-weapon states provided security assurances to the three countries and as a result, they transferred strategic nuclear weapons to Russia and joined the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) as non-nuclear weapon states. Such decision was partly made possible by the economic and physical assistance provided by the United States and Russia for denuclearization. Furthermore, one of the characteristics of the denuclearization of the three countries is the US's skillful denuclearization strategy toward the three countries. The United States supported the claims that the three countries, like Russia, were parties to the First Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START-I), and ultimately allowed them to transfer strategic nuclear warheads to Russia within the framework of START-I and the subsequently achieved the disposal of the warheads in Russia. Furthermore, as a lesson from the denuclearization of the three countries, providing security assurance to denuclearized countries is a strong incentive for denuclearization. However, considering Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014 and military invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, countries which are required denuclearization will seek stronger security guarantees from nuclear-weapon states. Another lesson is that it is necessary to have a strong presidential initiative the countries concerned.
Tazaki, Makiko; Shimizu, Ryo; Kimura, Takashi; Tamai, Hiroshi; Nakatani, Takayoshi; Suda, Kazunori
JAEA-Review 2021-076, 108 Pages, 2022/03
JAEA-Review-2021-076.pdf:3.89MB
In order to find ways to lead the denuclearization successfully, effectively, and efficiently in the future, "Research on factor analysis and technical process for achieving denuclearization" has been conducted since 2018. This report covers the first half of the research, namely "Factor analysis for denuclearization", summarizing the results of the case study and factor analysis of denuclearization. First, South Africa, Iraq, Libya, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, North Korea, Iran and Syria were selected as the initial research target countries, and the history of nuclear development as well as characteristics of denuclearization in each country were investigated and analyzed. Next, in order to consider the measures for the international community to lead the denuclearization of the target countries, eight main denuclearization factors ((1) Motivation for nuclear development, (2) Internal and external situation at the time of the denuclearization, (3) Progress of nuclear development, (4) Effects of sanctions, (5) International framework for denuclearization, (6) Incentives for denuclearization, (7) Denuclearization method, (8) Verification method/verifier) were found out. Finally, the contents of each denuclearization factor from (1) to (8)) in above target countries except Syria were analyzed, together with whether each factor was effective for denuclearization or not. In addition, in order to lead denuclearization effectively and efficiently, what should be done in relation to the eight factors were considered. These results are expected to serve as a basis for research on the technological process of denuclearization, and to help considering the way to accomplish denuclearization.
Ueta, Shohei; Aihara, Jun; Sumita, Junya; Shaimerdenov, A.*; Dyussambayev, D.*; Gizatulin, S.*; Chakrov, P.*; Sakaba, Nariaki
no journal, ,
In order to investigate irradiation performance of the newly-designed high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) fuel for high burnup around 100 GWd/t, a capsule irradiation test has been carried out by WWR-K research reactor in the Institute of Nuclear Physics (INP) of Kazakhstan. A result on evaluation of the fuel integrity based on the fractional release of fission product (FP) released from the fuel during the irradiation and a plan of post-irradiation examination are reported.